Define virtual water12/15/2023 ![]() ![]() Bannon (2002) considers the assumptions underlying the estimate of the hydrometeor drag force by their weight and proves the pertinence of this approximation. Recent textbooks are aware of the importance of hydrometeor drag, which is introduced in the vertical motion equation for moist air as a force proportional to the weight of water particles, the so-called liquid water loading (e.g., Cotton and Anthes 1989 Houze 1993 Emanuel 1994). ![]() 1968 List and Lozowski 1970 Clark and List 1971). In the definition of cloudy virtual temperature the acceleration of the air and the hydrometeors, the variation of momentum due to hydrometeor interactions and phase transitions have been ignored even though the influence of the condensed water on the vertical motion of moist air is rather a consequence of the momentum exchanges between moist air and water particles as the studies on cloud dynamic and precipitation demonstrate ( Ogura 1963 Arnaldson et al. Since then, this temperature has been largely used to calculate the convective available potential energy (CAPE) in several convective models as well as to establish the vertical stability in the atmosphere ( Emanuel 1994 Curry and Webster 1999 Jacobson 2000). Therefore, Saunders’ cloudy virtual temperature represents the temperature of dry air having the same density as a cloud composed of moist air and condensed water at the same pressure. He assumed that the observed decrease of buoyancy of cloudy air was related to the increase in air density due to the presence of hydrometeors. Saunders (1957) generalized the concept of virtual temperature to cloudy air. The virtual temperature is then used in the computation of the buoyancy force. The concept of virtual temperature has been introduced in meteorology to account for the dependence of air density on water vapor content and represents the temperature of dry air that has the same density as a parcel of moist air at the same pressure ( Guldberg and Mohn 1876 Dufour 1963 cf. ![]()
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